【文章】使用及保養YS四衝引擎

TMAA

Running and Maintaining YS Four Stroke Engines
使用及保養YS四衝引擎
This Fact Sheet is primarily aimed at the newcomer to YS Four stroke Engines
Understanding the fuel system on YS 4 Cycle engines, FZ53 ~ FZ140.
了解YS四衝程引擎FZ53-FZ140供油系統:
As you know the YS 4 cycle engines work with a pressurized fuel system. This system is what delivers the fuel from the tank to the engine. We will start with the pressure coming from the engine to the tank first. How the engine produces pressure will be another topic.
As the engine turns, it will develop pressure. Part of this pressure is fed into the tank via the (return line, or pressure line, or tank overflow line). This is where the check valve is located. The job of the check valve is not to let pressure return back into the engine and keep pressure in the tank. The amount of pressure an engine develops is between 6~9 lbs Psi. at full throttle.
大家都知道YS 四衝引擎都是加壓供油方式給油，這個供油方式是利用活塞向下行程的壓力帶動矽膠薄膜產生壓力推送推送空氣至油箱產生6-9磅壓力將油從油箱推送到化油器；所以整個供油迴路的氣密性就變得非常重要。

Now that we have a tank full of fuel and pressure, we need to control it before it floods out the engine. This is done with the fuel regulator. The regulator is just an open or closed valve that is like a gardening hose sprayer, on or off That's it. The regulator does not control tank pressure or any air pressure at all.

因此我們在裝機前請務必做雙重檢查，最簡單的方法就是將所有的油箱、油管、T 接頭、止回閥、過濾器、、、在外面一順序接好，塞住加油及洩壓管，這時只剩下要接到引擎的兩根管子，將入油管塞好，從止回閥(箭頭朝油箱)這端用力將油箱吹飽；放開如果如果有馬上洩掉而且可以保持3-5分鐘的話表示一切正常；如果沒有的話請依下列方式逐一檢查：

Controlling when the regulator opens and closes is the next thing. If you take off the regulator assembly, you will see a cavity in the engine case with two holes "Except for the FZ140". The centre hole is where the pressure comes in from the crankshaft. The hole that is drilled at an angle is for the pressure going to the tank. As you turn the crankshaft, you will notice the centre hole will open up. This is when the crankcase pressure will push on the diaphram. At that moment the plunger will open and fuel will pass through the regulator and into the carburettor. As the crankshaft's hole passes the opening, this will drop the pressure in the cavity and the regulator plunger will close stopping fuel from passing to the carburettor.
(Source Data Rick Matt YS Doctor)
如果你有機會拆開加壓系統的話，卸下二跟螺絲拿下薄膜你可以看到二個洞 ”FZ140 除外” 中間那個洞就是由活塞下行程產生的壓力經由主軸中心送到這裡，當你轉動主軸時你會看到洞對洞導通這時的壓力會推動薄膜->阻油閥開啟->推動燃油進入化油器，當中間的洞因主軸轉洞塞住時失去壓力，薄膜、阻油閥會被後面的彈簧推回定位阻斷油進入化油器。

Fuel system for connecting a fuel tank to a YS engine. The red fuel tubing represents the pressure side of the system and the vent tube. The blue fuel tubing is the fuel feed to the engine and the fill tube. Fuel dot's & tee's are available from Probuild.

Starting Procedure 引擎啟動程序
1. Fill the tank with fuel using the fuel dots to fill and vent the tank as shown in the sketch above.
油箱加滿油
2. Open the needle valve 2 _ turns from the fully closed position.
鎖緊主油針到底，放開2圈。
3. Open the throttle to the idle position and turn the propeller over 10 times by hand to pressurize the tank.
打開節流閥到低速位置，用手撥動螺槳超過10次將油箱加壓。
4. Now open the throttle fully and turn the propeller over a further10 times by hand this sends fuel to carburettor and primes the engine.
打開節流閥到高速位置，用手撥動螺槳超過10次將油送到化油器。
5. Now CLOSE the throttle to the idle position and connect the glow plug cord. The engine is now ready for starting.
節流閥到低速位置，接上火星塞電池，引擎已經準備啟動。
DO NOT ATTEMPT TO START THE ENGINE AT FULL THROTTLE AS THIS IS VERY DANGEROUS.
千萬不可在節流閥到高速位置啟動引擎，這是非常危險的。
6. Use an electric starter to turn the engine over, it should start immediately.
使用電動啟動器引擎應該會馬上啟動。
(Always make sure the aircraft is tethered down or have a helper hold the aircraft to stop it leaping forward 啟動時記得捉緊飛機或請人幫忙
7. Let the engine warm up fully before opening the throttle.
先讓飛機在低速暖機後再催油。
8. When you are satisfied the engine has warmed up, gently open up the throttle to about half to allow the fuel tank to fully pressurize. (If you immediately open it up to full throttle the engine will go lean and throw the propeller, ouch...!!!)
當你感覺引擎已經暖機完成後，順順的催到半油讓油箱加壓後才催到全速(如果馬上催全油的話引擎會因油氣過稀而頓車媳火將螺旋槳摔出，OUCH 又有人受傷了！)
9. If the engine sounds ok and is not labouring gently open the throttle fully and adjust as detailed below.
如果運轉聲音聽起來很順的話，慢慢將節流閥全開進行磨車跟調整主副油針。
10. Once the engine has been fully run in and adjusted it will very rarely need to touched.
ALWAYS STAND BEHIND THE PROPELLER WHEN MAKING ADJUSTMENTS
YS Carburettor Set-up 化油器調整：
Yes the YS engines are fuel injected but it is a different story when the engine is at idle. The fuel system changes from injected to sucking the fuel. YS 引擎是加壓給油系統，但在怠速(IDLE)時則是回歸到最原始的吸入給油方式
When you first fire up your engine you always want to run it rich. The needle valve should be set rich for at least 12 flights and avoid running at full throttle for long periods. But after break-in you can start to lean out the top end to the max RPM's. Hopefully you are not exceeding 9,000rpm for the 140,120 and 91. The 53's and 63's like to run at 11,000rpm.
當你啟動你的引擎後，在前12趟請保持在較富油下進行，以確保引擎壽命，當我們將引擎RUN IN 後，緊接著的問題就是調整引擎的最高轉速(53-62 轉速約在11000 ；91-140 約在9000轉上下)依用油及螺槳不同會有差距。

TOP END: After you warm it up and slowly bring the engine up to full throttle, set the top end to it's max rpm's and back off or richen up the needle 3~4 clicks.
高速調整：
發動引擎等約30秒鐘讓引擎熱了，拔掉電夾，慢慢的將汽門全開，順時針調整主油針到最高轉速再逆時針退2-3個刻度，這就是最高轉速。

Next you want to bring your engine to an idle. The proper idle is 2,000rpm's. Not 2,200 or 2,500 or 3,000, set it at 2,000. This is when the engine starts to suck the fuel via vacuum. Above 2,000 it will start to inject the fuel.
下一步就是怠速調整，建議轉速就是2000轉而不是2200.2500.3000轉；為什麼一定要設定在2000轉？原因就是2000轉就是吸油跟加壓給油的切換點，如果高出2000轉它就會以加壓方式給油而完全沒有用到空車油道。

LOW END: After top end is set, bring it to an idle 2,000rpm's. From full throttle set your trim so it will hit 2,000 instantly not drop slowly like 3,500, 3,000, 2,500, 2,200, 2,000. NO it has to hit 2,000 BANG.........After about 3 seconds, the engine will start to let you know if it is to lean or rich.
低速調整：
高速條好後接著就要調整低速，收油到IDLE 你的引擎轉速必須馬上掉到2000轉而不是3500-2500-2000慢慢的掉下來，你可以試著調整副油針到達2000轉，怠速三秒鐘你的引擎會告訴你是富油還是稀油。

If the mixture is to rich, the rpm's will start to slow down 2,000 1,900,1,800,1,700. Lean the low end.
富油：引擎轉速會慢慢下降而熄火請逆時針轉副油針。
If the mixture is to lean, the rpm's will start to speed up 2,000, 2,100, 2,200, 2,300. Richen up the low end.
稀油：引擎轉速會慢慢上升後熄火請順時針轉副油針。
Remember, after you adjust the low end; always bring it back to full throttle and back to an idle to test your adjustments. DO NOT CHASE THE MIXTURE. Make the adjustment within 5 seconds when you hit idle, do not let it idle for 10, 20 seconds and try to adjust again. You must bring it to full first and back down to check the adjustment.
請記住，當你調好副油針後，將節流閥全開—低速確定你的調整，（此時不要去管油氣比），每次調整要在低速5秒內完成絕對不可以等低速10-20秒後再調整會不準；再次調整時必須要催到全速（排出積油）再回到怠速去調整。
After adjusting the low end, it should idle at 2,000 consistently for about 20 seconds. 當怠速調整後他應該再準2000轉，等待20秒鐘。
After the 20 seconds, bring it back up to full throttle by rolling the throttle stick up. DO NOT NAIL IT TO FULL THROTTLE!!!!!!............ Roll it. It should take you just over 1 second to go from idle to full.
20秒後急催到全速（不可慢慢加速）放心的催，由怠速到全速他應該在1秒鐘完成。
Another trick to test if the mixture is correct is to pull off the fuel line at the carburettor at idle. There should not be any fuel coming out of the fuel line. If you do, you are still too rich. This is best done on the bench and not on the plane. 測試油氣比的另一訣竅：節流閥在怠速位置拔掉化油器的油管應該不會有由從油管流出，如果會流出的話你的油氣比還是太濃（退副油針）；這個測試應該在測試台上進行，不要裝上飛機後才作
。
With this last test, many other factors can cause fuel to come out of the fuel line at idle. 下列原因也會造成在怠速漏油
• Bad Check Valve 止回閥不良（裝反）
• Piston ring worn out causing to much blow-by 活塞環燒毀斷裂
• Leaking intake valve 進氣閥漏氣
(Source Data Rick Matt YS Doctor)
Filters 過濾器
Using in-line fuel filters is a good way to prevent junk from getting into the regulator from the fuel tank. But remember, anything that can get into the carburetor can make its way to the cylinder, so always use an air filter as well. It could save you 100's ??? in repair bills!!!
進油管跟化油器進油口加裝過濾器可避免雜質進入引擎內部造成磨損，及不必要的維修費用。
Propeller Selection 螺旋槳選擇
The choice of propeller is of great importance. Here I will try to explain in a simple way to choose prop for aerobatic use
螺旋槳選擇是一門非常重要的學問，我儘量用簡單的方式來解釋他。
Over the past 10 years, APC has almost been dominating the aerobatic scene. APC is a very efficient propeller design, especially the tips, which make them very quiet and efficient.
過去10年，APC幾乎是這行業的狡狡者，其中有很多訣竅讓他的產品非常單安靜有效率。
We want good static force, used during long vertical climbs, which keeps the model climbing without loosing too much speed. The static force should be greater than the weight of the model. This force is very much dependant on the diameter of the propeller, the largest volume of air as possible should be set into movement by the propeller. One more advantage of using large diameter is that the "rotating disk" acts as an air brake during vertical dives.
Speed is needed to make the plane fly, but we are not looking for as high speed as possible. We want a speed fast enough to make the plane fly steady, but not too fast which will make the turn-around program feel and look very stressful.
The speed is dependant on the propeller pitch.
The maximum engine RPM used during flight is about 8000 - 9000 rpm.
With this criteria in mind we can select a good propeller size.
At our disposal is the engine power (EP), which will be loaded by the propeller. An increase of propeller diameter (D) will increase the engine load. The greater the propeller pitch (P) will also increase the load of the engine. A simple formula would be like EP = D x P. So we must make a compromise between static force (diameter) and speed (pitch).
(Source Data Swedish F3A Web site)
Suggested propeller sizes for YS four strokes are as follows:
建議使用轉速及螺旋槳尺寸如下：
YS63FZ
Keep the RPM in the 10,500 to 11,500. APC 12 x 7
YS 120 AC
Recommended RPM: 9000 max APC 14,5x13 / 15x12 / 15x11
YS 120SC
Recommended RPM 7800 to 8000 APC 14,5x13 / 15x12 / 15,5x13N / 16,5x12N / 16x12
YS91FZ
The correct range is 8,800 to 9,300 RPM. APC 14 x 10 / 15 x 8
YS 140FZ
The normal working-range is about 7500 - 9000 RPM.APC 16x12 / 15 x 12
YS140L
Works well from 8,300 to 9,000 on props up to 18 x 6. APC 15 x 12 to 16 x 12
PROPELLERS ON ALL MODEL AIRCRAFT ARE DANGEROUS!
螺旋槳在所有飛機上都非常危險！
ALWAYS WEAR EYE AND HAND PROTECTION WHEN STARTING
AND RUNNING ENGINES, AND ALWAYS HAVE A HELPER HOLD YOUR AIRCRAFT DURING STARTING AND RUN-UP. ALWAYS STAND BEHIND THE PROPELLER WHEN MAKING ANY ENGINE ADJUSTMENTS. 啟動時記得保護你的眼睛跟手，有個幫手捉住飛機再啟動飛機，啟動後暖機、調整記得站在螺旋槳後方進行。

What is the recommended fuel for YS Engines?
哪種燃油最適合YS四衝程引擎？
The recommended fuel for all YS engines is 20% OIL and 20% Nitro Methane. For optimum performance, 20% Nitro (or more) is a must.
建議使用潤滑油20％硝基假烷20％（以上）
Nitro-Methane硝基假烷
Nitro is a power enhancer as it increases the amount of oxygen available in the fuel for combustion. The down side is that it generates more heat. Nitro methane will not increase rpm, but as it's combustion produces more energy, the engine will develop more torque, allowing the use of bigger propellers, or better operation under high loads. A classic example of this is it will give a big performance increase in vertical climbs.
硝基假烷是可以增加馬力因為在燃燒行程會增加氧氣量，他不會提升轉速但是會增加扭力，讓引擎能用大點的螺旋槳，或是加大承載量，最明顯的例子就是在垂直爬升時的馬力表現。
Oil燃油
The YS factory recommends no less than 20% oil in the fuel mixture. Many commercial fuels contain less than this. Use of these fuels may cause damage to the engine and/or poor running characteristics. Not to mention invalidate the guarantee.
YS製造商建議潤滑油比例不低於20％，許\多現售燃油都比20％低，使用這種油會造成機件受損/或馬力出不來，因使用低潤滑比燃油照程損壞不再保證範圍。
Fuels containing large percentages of castor oil can cause fuel pump/regulator trouble. We recommend you use 100% synthetic oil in the fuel, but 18% synthetic and 2% castor is suitable also.
燃油內含大量比例的全合成油會損害加壓幫普跟矽膠原件，我們建議使用100％蓖麻油產品，但是18％蓖麻油加2％全合成油也很順暢。
At Probuild we can supply top quality fuel from Model Technics, blended to your requirements at competitive prices. Or on request we can obtain Cool Power pro-Pattern fuels.
Fuel consumption 燃油消耗量
YS 63FZ: 1/2 oz per minute
YS 91FZ: 1.1 oz per minute
YS 140L: 1.5 oz per minute
YS 140DZ: with venturi restrictor- 1.75 oz per minute. Without venturi restrictor-2 oz per minute.
All tests were run with Power master YS 20/20 fuel and standard prop sizes for each displacement. Use of other fuels and prop sizes will affect fuel consumption slightly.
(Source Data YS Performance USA)
Glow plugs 火星塞
Fortunately there is very little to be said about glow plug selection for use in YS Four Strokes, unlike 2 Strokes, there is only one choice.
很可惜的他不像其他二行程引擎一樣有多廠牌可選擇，他只有一樣選擇
We highly recommend the OS Type 'F' glow plug specifically designed for four strokes. This year YS have introduced their own Glow Plug, which has basically the same construction and characteristics as the OS type 'F' and is equally as good.
只可以使用OS F TYPE 跟 YS 原廠火星塞
The plug should last at least 20/30 flights, but a good sign as to when the plug needs changing, is when you feel a slight hesitation when throttling up in the air.
When preparing for a weekend competition, a few days before when practicing, run the engine with a new glow plug, so when you arrive at the competition you can guarantee the plug will not let you down and the engine will be running at it's best.
如果你在為週末比賽準備的話，請在幾天前換上新的火星塞去練習
到比賽時這火星塞就不會讓你失望。
Maintenance 保養維護
Generally YS Engines require very little maintenance if looked after properly. Here are a few tips to get the best out of your engine.
YS引擎只要使用保養得當應會運轉順暢，以下是常見的故障排除檢查方法
Most common fuel system problems:
常見的燃油系統問題：
• Cracked fuel tank: Split at a seam
油箱破損或漏氣
• Clunk line hitting back of tank: As fuel line gets older if will stretch and go soft. 油箱內油管太軟向前折到
• Fuel line and Fuel line "T"s: Not holding pressure.
油管跟T接頭漏氣(無法承受壓力)
• Silicone Rubber: I have found many engines plugged up with bits of silicone.
• Diaphragm: Check for cracks or torn around the edges.
止回閥失效或裝反。
• Regulator Gasket: Plugging up holes for fuel and or pressure.
增壓器墊片漏氣
• Dirt in Carb: Yes even if you have fuel filters...
雜質進入化油器：即使你有裝過濾器
(Source Data Rick Matt YS Doctor)
Tappet adjustment氣門間隙調整
After the first 12 flights check the valve clearances and re-adjust as necessary. Also check for leaks from gaskets and fuel tubing. It is a good idea to re-check valve clearances every 25 flights. (Always adjust valves cold) 新引擎飛完前12趟記得檢查氣門間隙，需要時調整他，同時檢查墊片跟燃油管有沒破損，是個很好的IDEA。以後每25航次作一次清潔及間隙檢查（氣門間隙記得在常溫下調整）
Every 2/3 gallons of fuel run through the engine remove the cylinder head and clean the valves. Inspect for excessive wear on valves and rockerarms.
每23加侖油將汽缸頭拆下清潔燃燒室及氣門、搖臂的積碳
Diaphragm增壓薄膜
If you loose fuel tank pressure or the tank will not pressurize check the regulator diaphragm and the non-return valve to the fuel tank for leaks.
When re-assembling the regulator the tab on the side goes forward.
Always replace all gaskets upon re-assembly. One possible exception to this rule is the valve cover.
Fuel Tank油箱
Use a good quality fuel tank, Tettra or MK are recommended. Remember, they are operating at 6~9 lbs Psi. at full throttle.
Watch for leaks, especially ones that only appear under full pressure.
選擇較有名的廠牌，如Tettra or MK 是建議的，因為他的工作壓力是每平方英吋6-9磅(全油門下)
Cleaning清潔(表面)
Very simple really, use soap and water or methanol. DO NOT USE PETROL.
可以使用肥皂水，木精千萬不可使用石油機溶劑。

2002/09/19 林曜三譯自Rick Matt YS Doctor